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侵權(quán)法上的過錯(cuò)問題
摘 要
過錯(cuò)在侵權(quán)行為法中的重要性，已是我國(guó)法學(xué)界所公認(rèn)的事實(shí)。然而，對(duì)于與過錯(cuò)有關(guān)的幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵性問題，如過錯(cuò)的本質(zhì)、過錯(cuò)的認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，法學(xué)界并未有過系統(tǒng)的論述。主觀過錯(cuò)的不足之處在于將意志和行為彼此分離,不能真正揭示過錯(cuò)的概念且限制行為人的責(zé)任。而采用客觀過錯(cuò)說能更好地揭示過錯(cuò)的本質(zhì)，過錯(cuò)是客觀的。過錯(cuò)的客觀認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不僅降低了受害人的舉證負(fù)擔(dān)，最大限度保護(hù)了受害人的利益，同時(shí)也為法官在認(rèn)定加害人行為時(shí)提供了更為有效的方法。我國(guó)侵權(quán)法中的過錯(cuò)認(rèn)定在法律有明文規(guī)定時(shí)依照法律規(guī)定,當(dāng)法律沒有規(guī)定時(shí)采取客觀過錯(cuò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
關(guān)鍵詞：合理人；“良家父”；過錯(cuò)侵權(quán)；客觀過錯(cuò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
Abstract
The importance of fault in tort behavior law, it is the fact that has been recognized by the law circle of our country. However, there is no systematic exposition on several critical problems concerning fault such as the essence of fault and the judgment standard of fault. The disadvantage of the view of “subjective fault” is to separate the will with the action, and thus cannot reveal the notion of fault and cannot restrict the responsibility of the action taker. By contrast, the view of “objective fault” can better reveal the essence of fault that fault is objective. The objective view of fault judgement not only lessens the burden of victim to present evidence but also protects the victims interest to the most extent, and offer a more effective way to the judge to define the action of injury-taker. Whether the behavior does have the fault is judged according to legal rule when there is one or according to the objective fault standard of judgement when there isnt such a rule.
Keyword：the Reasonable Man； bonus patter families； negligence；Objective fault standard
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