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參透托福高級寫作：從BBC報道北京霧霾談起
北京霧霾再次來襲，今天我是帶著口罩來上班的。與其抱怨霧霾的可惡，還不如看看今天的BBC新聞，學習一些可以用在托福寫作中的高級表達。
以下英文內容摘自12月19日(今早)的BBC新聞
【1】The Chinese capital will see hazardous smog from Saturday until Tuesday, the official meteorological [氣象的] service said.
解析：hazardous smog是“危險的霧霾”，hazardous可看作dangerous的升級版。
【2】Beijing authorities [北京當局] have advised residents to avoid outdoor activity and for schools to stop classes.
解析：have advised residents to是“建議市民”。在托福獨立寫作中，很多考生都喜歡寫suggest somebody to do something，這是不對的。應該是advise somebody to do something。
【3】The red alert - the highest of a four-level alert system instituted [制定] two years ago - also triggers restrictions on vehicle use, factories and construction work.
解析：triggers restrictions on vehicle use, factories and construction work是“使政府出臺了車輛限行制度，出臺了限制工廠生產以及限制建筑工程進度的制度”。首先，trigger可看作cause的升級版。其次，這個英譯漢一定要注意，不能生硬地翻譯為“引發了在車輛使用，工廠和建筑工作上的限制”。相反，適當地增減與重復(中文不怕重復)一些詞匯可使中文翻譯變得得體而不生硬。
【4】The government has promised to take action to address often dangerous levels of pollution.
解析：take action to address是“采取措施以應對”，可看作do something to deal with的升級版。
【5】The government is coming under increasing pressure to deal with the problem.
解析：coming under increasing pressure是托福獨立寫作開頭段的常用語言點，因為很多考生喜歡寫“人們的壓力越來越大”，那就是People are coming under increasing pressure。
【6】Long-term exposure to high levels of dangerous particulate [粒子] matter in smog - PM2.5 - has been linked to lung damage and respiratory illnesses.
解析：這句話的意思是“人如果長時間暴露在霧霾里，其中高濃度的危險顆粒物質(也即PM2.5)就可能導致肺部受損或使人患上呼吸道疾病，這是有一定科學依據的。”這句話的has been linked to很難翻譯，請大家仔細體會。這句話有高級英語的鮮明特征——名詞結構，但翻回漢語的時候，就要加上人等主語，否則顯得生硬。
【7】Beijing resident Cheng Xianke expressed concern for the health of the elderly and children. He told Reuters: "For us who commute to work [乘車上下班] it's not so bad but still I'm very concerned about the pollution. I think the government needs to put more effort into solving this."
解析：expressed concerned for可看作were worried about的升級版;the elderly是old people的委婉說法;put more effort into solving this可看作do something more to solve this的升級版。
【8】Coal-powered industries and heating systems - in heavy use during the cold Beijing winter - are major contributors to the smog.
解析：are major contributors to the smog可看作have mainly caused the smog。
【9】China still depends on coal for more than 60% of its power, despite big investments in renewable energy sources.
解析：despite big investments in renewable energy sources可看作although it (China) has invested a lot in renewable energy sources的升級版，因為高級英語傾向于使用介詞短語與分詞，這樣顯得更簡單，而且不用考慮時態。如果大家想寫出高質量的托福獨立作文，不妨注意一下這一點。
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