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考研英語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法深析
狀語(yǔ)從句 (Adverbial Clause)指句子用作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，起副詞作用的句子。它可以修飾謂語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或整個(gè)句子。根據(jù)其作用可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、條件、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、方式和比較等從句。狀語(yǔ)從句一般由連詞(從屬連詞)引導(dǎo)，也可以由詞組引起。從句位于句首或句中時(shí)通常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)，位于句尾時(shí)可以不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。英語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)從句用在主句后面的較多，而漢語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ)從句用在主句前的較多，因此，在許多情況下，應(yīng)將狀語(yǔ)從句放在主句前面。下面我們通過(guò)一些實(shí)例說(shuō)明其常用的翻譯方法。
【真題例句1】
While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
【解析】
可拆分為：While there are almost as many definitions of history //as there are historians, // modern practice most closely conforms to one // that sees history //as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
主句：modern practice most closely conforms to one;從句：讓步狀語(yǔ)從句While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians;比較狀語(yǔ)從句as there are historians;定語(yǔ)從句that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past修飾one。主干結(jié)構(gòu)是While there are almost as... as there are... +主句，While引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，此句與漢語(yǔ)句序符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣未作調(diào)整，仍放于主句前。從句中as... as結(jié)構(gòu)是比較級(jí)，這句話直譯為“有多少歷史學(xué)家，就有多少關(guān)于歷史的定義。
【參考譯文】
幾乎每個(gè)歷史學(xué)家對(duì)史學(xué)都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐最趨向于認(rèn)為，歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過(guò)去的重大史實(shí)并對(duì)其做出解釋。
【真題例句2】
In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.
【解析】
可拆分為：In general, //the tests work most effectively //when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined //and least effectively //when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.
主句：the tests work most effectively when... and least effectively when...，主句中嵌套了兩個(gè)并列的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined和when... can not be well defined，第二個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中又嵌套了一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句what is to be measured or predicted做此狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)。本句在翻譯的時(shí)候?qū)⒁粋�(gè)主從復(fù)合句，適當(dāng)調(diào)整成了兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的單句(即：the tests work most effectively when..., and the tests work least effectively when...)，并把兩個(gè)狀語(yǔ)分別提前了，更符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣。
【參考譯文】
一般地說(shuō)，當(dāng)所要測(cè)定的特征能很精確界定時(shí)，測(cè)試最為有效;而當(dāng)所要測(cè)定或預(yù)測(cè)的東西不能明確地界定時(shí)，測(cè)試的效果則最差。
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